If you want to write well, read. Just as a novice musician’s range can be expanded by listening to the works of the world’s great musicians, so can an aspiring writer benefit by studying the great works of English literature.
English literature is generally understood to refer to a specific collection of western literature, dating from texts of the 7th century to the present. To gain a spot upon this elite list, usually literature must stand the test of time, sometimes enduring for its unique contribution to the development of literature itself, sometimes for its cultural and historical importance, but most often for its lasting appeal. It is that last criteria that makes the study of English literature most enjoyable. Great literature has a timeless appeal that moves us, changes us and inspires us.
Most studies of English literature begin during the Old English period with the oldest extant work of English literature, Cædmon’s Hymn, a nine-line poem praising God. The epic poem Beowulf provides a more striking example of Old English literature, both for what it reveals about the development of language – such as the use of alliterative verse, kennings and elision – as for its compelling narrative about the ill-fated dragon slayer.
Tales of religious devotion, of courtly love and of chivalrous knights were themes that dominated the next era of English literature, the Middle English period. As England grew more prosperous around the 13th century, a leisure class arose, a class that preferred heroes that reflected their growing sense of refinement. The period culminated with the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, possibly the world’s first celebrity author. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, in which his characters are presented as pilgrims, telling stories as they travel to a shrine, were an ironic critique of English society of the period.
The Middle English period gave way to the fulsome language of Renaissance literature and the Elizabethan Era. Inspired by the rediscovery of classic Greek and Roman theatre and spurred on by a growing love affair with language itself, poets and playwrights competed with each other in mastering the art and craft of writing. It is fairly acknowledged that William Shakespeare won the contest. Shakespeare is still regarded as the finest writer of the English language. Shakespeare’s thorough understanding of human nature, his mastery of language and his unerring flair for both comedy and drama make him the proverbial hard-act-to-follow.
Literature became more political, and by the time of the Restoration era, satire had become a prominent form of literature, exemplified by Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels. At around the same time, the novel was born, with Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe providing a powerful example of the new literary form. By the 18th century, serious writers had developed a more realistic, journalistic style. Essay writing came to the fore. The novel was considered a sensational form of literature, best suited to the burgeoning horror and gothic genre.
It was not until the beginning of the Romantic Era, when growing industrialization prompted a desire for escapism, that novels began to come into their own. Jane Austen’s wry focus on the social issues of home life, portrayed in books like Pride and Prejudice, established a model for romance novels. Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe established the adventure genre.
The Victorian Era secured the position of the novel at the top of the literary ladder. The list of successful novelists of the Victorian Era is staggering: the Brontë sisters, Anthony Trollope, William Makepeace Thackery, George Elliot, Arthur Conan Doyle – all owed their success to their appeal among everyday citizens. The days of writing for the aristocracy had passed. Charles Dickens was the most popular of all the Victorian novelists. His mastery of prose, a genius for comedy and his ability to bring characters to life with a single line set Dickens apart.
Modernism stretched the definition of the novel with books like Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, James Joyce’s Ulysses and Virginia Woolf’s Orlando breaking the bounds of the traditional narrative. Modernists shared a sense of uncertainty and were drawn to relative truths rather than absolutes. Post-modernists like Kurt Vonnegut, Joseph Heller and Thomas Pynchon shared these sensibilities, minus the angst. Black humor replaced black despair.
While it is impossible to predict the direction that English literature will take next, those writers who have some understanding as to where literature has been may be best suited to steer the course.